Located in the heart of Erbil, the Erbil Citadel, also known as Qelat, stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of human civilization. Designated as a World Heritage Site since June 21, 2014, this awe-inspiring historical marvel is an ancient mound steeped in history, with evidence of human occupation dating back to the 5th millennium BC, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements globally.
Throughout the centuries, the citadel has played a pivotal role in shaping the region’s history. Its earliest mention dates back to around 2,300 BC in the Ebla tablets, gaining prominence during the Neo-Assyrian period. With the rise of the Sassanian and Abbasid Caliphate eras, it became a thriving center for Christianity. However, its significance waned after the Mongol conquest in 1258.
Today, the Erbil Citadel stands proudly, covering an expansive area of 102,000 square meters and towering 25 to 32 meters above the surrounding plain. Its architectural marvels stretch across a roughly oval expanse of 430 by 340 meters, offering a captivating glimpse into the past.
The only religious structure that remains within its walls is the Mulla Afandi Mosque. In its heyday, the citadel was divided into three distinct districts: the Serai, home to notable families; the Takya, named after the dwellings of dervishes; and the Topkhana, where craftsmen and farmers resided.
To safeguard this remarkable heritage site, the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) was established in 2007, overseeing its meticulous restoration and preservation efforts.
For visitors to Erbil, a journey to the Erbil Citadel is an absolute must. Its rich history and breathtaking architecture offer a window into the ancient world, making it a truly unforgettable experience for all who have the privilege to explore its storied grounds.